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Phenolic profile of Serbian old wheat local landraces and locally adapted varieties
(Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, 2024) Mišan, Aleksandra; Radić, Bojana; Maravić, Nikola; Pojić, Milica; Tomić, Jelena; Hadnađev, Miroslav; Mikić, Sanja
Wheat is one of the most important staple crops in Serbia and plays an important role in food security and nutrition. Phenolic compounds are dominant antioxidants in whole grains and are essential quality traits in future breeding programs as they are known for their beneficial effects on health. With the aim of analyzing local wheat diversity in terms of phenolic compounds, 33 local landraces and old locally adapted varieties and 3 modern wheat varieties were grown in 2021/2022. So, the objective of this work was to optimize the extraction of phenolic compounds and analyze them by HPLC/DAD method and compare old with modern cultivars.
As it is known that cereal grains contain different phenolic compounds, mainly phenolic acids in bound form, the extraction of phenolic compounds was done from wholemeal flour samples after hydrolysis. Alkaline hydrolysis conducted at 25 °C for 12 hours using a 2 M NaOH solution in water demonstrated greater efficiency compared to employing solutions of up to 10 M KOH in methanol under the same temperature and duration. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed that ferulic acid presents the major phenolic compound both in old and modern wheat samples ranging between 14 and 149 mg/kg in old and 51 and 61 mg/kg in modern varieties. Apart from ferulic acid, vanillic acid (3.1-11.5 mg/kg), syringic acid (1.4-5.5 mg/kg) and p-coumaric acid (1-6.9 mg/kg) were identified and quantified in old, but not in new varieties.
Our results indicate that the genetic potential of old varieties in terms of polyphenolic compounds is not fully utilized because the content of ferulic acid in whole grains in some samples is almost three times higher than in modern varieties that do not differ significantly among themselves.
Role of Arthrospira Platensis in Preventing and Treating High-Fat Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia in Adult Rats
(MDPI, 2024-06-11) Cacciola, Nunzio Antonio; De Cicco, Paola; Milanović, Maja; Milovanović, Ivan; Mišan, Aleksandra; Kojić, Danijela; Simeunović, Jelica; Blagojević, Dajana; Popović, Tamara; Arsić, Aleksandra; Pilija, Vladimir; Mandić, Anamarija; Borrelli, Francesca; Milić, Nataša
Hyperlipidaemia is a recognised risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In this study, the antihyperlipidaemic properties of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis, strain S2 from Serbia) were tested in adult Wistar rats before and after induction of hypercholesterolaemia by a high-fat diet (HFD) to compare the preventive with the curative effect. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels were measured in the blood samples. The chemical composition (lipids, proteins and cholesterol) and the content of bile acids in the faeces of the animals were also analysed. Feeding rats with an atherogenic diet for 10 weeks led to the successful development of hyperlipidaemia, as serum TC and LDL-C levels as well as lipids, cholesterol and bile acids in the animals’ faeces were significantly increased. Pre- and post-treatment with spirulina led to a reduction in serum LDL, TC and ALT levels. Administration of spirulina resulted in both a significant increase in primary bile acids excretion and a decrease in bile acids metabolism, with pre-treatment being more effective than post-treatment in some cases. These results suggest that increased excretion of bile acids as well as an effect on the gut microbiota may be the mechanism responsible for the anti-hyperlipidaemic activity of the tested spirulina strain.
Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Dill Seed (Anethum graveolens L.) Essential Oil from Plants Grown under Shading
(MDPI, 2024-03-19) Milenković, Lidija; Ilić, Zoran; Stanojević, Ljiljana; Danilović, Bojana; Šunić, Ljubomir; Kevrešan, Žarko; Stanojević, Jelena
This study determined the content and composition of dill seed (Anethum graveolens L.) essential oil under varying light conditions: non-shaded plants in open fields and plants covered with pearl shade nets (40% shade index). Essential oil was extracted using Clevenger hydrodistillation. The essential oil content was 4.63% for non-shaded plants and 4.81% for shaded plants. GC/MS analysis revealed twenty-one and twenty-two components in dill seed from non-shaded and shaded plants, respectively. The terpenic fraction of essential oil from non-shaded plants consisted mainly of oxygen-containing monoterpene derivatives (53.6%), with carvone (46.1%) as the primary component, followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (46.4%), predominantly limonene (43.8%). Essential oil from shaded plants contained a higher content of carvone (49.8%) and a lower content of limonene (37.8%) compared to essential oil from non-shaded plants. Non-shaded plant essential oil exhibited stronger antioxidant activity (EC50 value: 26.04 mg mL−1) than shaded plant essential oil (54.23 mg mL−1). Dill seed essential oil showed the most potent antimicrobial activity (disc diffusion method) against Escherichia coli (inhibition zone: 15–18 mm). Shaded plants demonstrated a positive influence of essential oil against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Carvone and its derivatives, as the main components, hold significant potential in the food industry and alternative medicines. A practical implication of this study could be higher plant densities or intercropping of dill, as it thrives with minimal light.
Valorization of Sour Cherry Kernels: Extraction of Polyphenols Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs)
(MDPI, 2024-06-11) Božović, Danica; Dimić, Ivana; Teslić, Nemanja; Mišan, Aleksandra; Pojić, Milica; Stupar, Alena; Mandić, Anamarija; Milošević, Sanja; Zeković, Zoran; Pavlić, Branimir
The objective of this research was to optimize the natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) extraction process from sour cherry kernels (Prunus cerasus L.). For polyphenol isolation, conventional solid–liquid extraction was employed using different concentrations of ethanol (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 96%), as well as the innovative NADES extraction technique. In the initial phase of the research, a screening of 10 different NADESs was conducted, while extraction was carried out under constant parameters (50 °C, 1:20 w/w, 60 min). NADES 4, composed of lactic acid and glucose in a molar ratio of 5:1, exhibited the highest efficiency in the polyphenol isolation. In the subsequent phase of the research, response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to optimize the extraction process. Three independent variables, namely temperature, extraction time, and solid–liquid (S/L) ratio, were examined at three different levels. The extracted samples were analyzed for total phenol (TP) and antioxidant activity using the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. ANOVA and descriptive statistics (R2 and CV) were performed to fit the applied model. According to RSM, the optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: temperature of 70 °C, extraction time of 161 min, and S/L ratio of 1:25 w/w.
Assessment of rheological properties of carp feed mixtures with different protein sources using Mixolab
(2024) Ilić, Petar; Banjac, Vojislav; Hadnađev, Miroslav; Pojić, Milica; Vidosavljević, Strahinja; Stojkov, Viktor; Tiwari, Brijesh